List of Notes
1 Roosevelt's The Winning of the West, a stirring recital with chief stress thrown upon the militant characteristics of the frontiersmen, is open to grave criticism because of failure to give adequate account of social and economic tendencies, the development of democracy, and the evolution of government under the pressure of frontier conditions.
2 Johnson MSS., xii, No. 127.
3 Journal of a Tour in Unsettled Parts of North America in 1796 and 1797, 217.
4 Turner: "Significance of the Frontier in American History," American Historical Association Report, 1893.
5 Hugh Williamson: History of North Carolina (1812), ii, 71-2.
6 Virginia Historical Magazine, xiii, 133; William and Mary Quarterly, ix, 132.
7 Virginia Historical Magazine, op. cit. Cf. also West Virginia Historical Magazine, April, 1903.
8 Bernheim: The German Element and the Lutheran Church in the Carolinas.
9 For this and other Moravian diaries, see Virginia Historical Magazine, vols xi and xii.
10 Original diary in German in Archives of the Moravian Church, Winston-Salem, N. C. Cf. Mereness, Travels in the American Colonies 1690-1783, 327-356.
11 Cf. original minutes of Abington and Gwynedd Monthly Meetings, Pa.
12 MS. History of Bryan family, compiled by Col. W. L. Bryan, Boone, N. C.
13 Ely: The Finleys of Bucks (Publications, Bucks County Historical Society); also "Historic Associations of Neshaminy Valley," Daily Intelligencer (Reading, Pa.), July 29, 1913. See also Wisconsin State Historical Society, Draper MSS., 2 B 161.
14 "The Creative Forces in Westward Expansion," American Historical Review, xx, 1.
15 North Carolina Colonial Records, vii, 100-101.
16 Magazine of American History, November, 1881.
17 Foote: Sketches of North Carolina, xiii.
18 Howe: History of the Presbyterian Church in South Carolina.
19 Virginia Historical Magazine, xiii, 127-8-9.
20 Draper: MS. Life of Boone; Draper Collection, Wisconsin State Historical Society.
21 Rowan County Records, Salisbury, N. C.
22 Rumple: History of Rowan County.
23 Logan: History of Upper South Carolina.
24 "Diary of Bishop Spangenberg" (1752), North Carolina Colonial Records, v.
25 Sheets: History of Liberty Baptist Association.
26 Moravian Community Diary, preserved at Winston-Salem, N. C.
27 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 6.
28 J. F. D. Smyth: A Tour in the United States of America (London: 1784), vol. 1. Chapter xxiii.
29 Unpublished MS.: "In the Olden Time."
30 Margry: Navigation of the Mississippi, iv, 322.
31 Raunié: Chansonnier historique du xviiie siècle, iii, 132-3. This translation is by Barbara Henderson.
32 J. Haywood: Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee (1823), 223.
33 Byrd: History of the Dividing Line.
34 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 25.
35 D. D. Wallace: The Life of Henry Laurens, Appendix iv.
36 See also Hewit in Carroll's Collections, i, 435. Fort Prince George was located in the fork of the Six Mile Creek and Keowee River, in the southwestern part of Pickens County, and was completed probably by the end of 1753 (South Carolina Gazette, December 17, 1753).
37 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 140.
38 Cited in Channing, History of the United States, ii, 5-73 n.
39 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 333, 357.
40 Moravian Community Diary.
41 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 849.
42 Virginia Historical Magazine, xiii, 225-264. North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 560, 617.
43 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 579.
44 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 641, 742, 849. Cf. also Hunter: Sketches of Western North Carolina, 325.
45 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 604, 639.
46 Virginia Historical Magazine, xiii, 263; North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 606, 609, 613.
47 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 585, 612-4, 635, 637.
48 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 610; Cf. Timberlake's "A Draught of the Cherokee Country" in Avery's History of the United States, iv, facing p. 347; Ramsey, History of Tennessee, 57.
49 Summers: Southwest Virginia, 57-60.
50 Virginia Historical Magazine, xv, 254-7; Waddell, Augusta County (second edition), 115-6, 150-1.
51 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 606-8.
52 Summers: Southwest Virginia, 60-1.
53 Williamson: History of North Carolina, ii, 37, footnote.
54 North Carolina Colonial Records, viii, 563; xi, map facing p. 80, and p. 227.
55 North Carolina Colonial Records, v. Introduction, pp. xxx-xxxi.
56 Carroll's Collections, i, 433; ii, 519-20; Draper's MS. Life of Boone, iii, 65-6.
57 Sparks: Washington, ii, 322.
58 Journal: "Concerning a March that Capt. Robt. Wade took to the New River," in Summers, Southwest Virginia. 62-66.
59 Carroll's Collections, i, 443-4.
60 South Carolina Gazette, May 12, 1759.
61 South Carolina Gazette, July 14, 1759.
62 South Carolina Gazette, Aug. 4, Sept. 22, 1759.
63 North Carolina Colonial Records, vi, 221.
64 Draper: MS. Life of Boone, iii, 75.
65 North Carolina Colonial Records, vi, 229-230.
66 For a full account of the part which Fort Dobbs played in this Indian warfare see the monograph, Fort Dobbs, by Mrs. M. H. Eliason.
67 Maryland Gazette, May 8, 1760; Haywood: Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee, 239-40; North Carolina Colonial Records, xxii, 822.
68 "Notes on the Indians and the Early Settlers of Western North Carolina," Collections of the North Carolina Historical Commission. Printed in Papers of A. D. Murphy, ii, 380 et seq.
69 Maryland Gazette, May 8, 1760.
70 South Carolina Gazette, Dec. 23, 1760; Feb. 28, April 11, 1761.
71 North Carolina Colonial Records, vi, 622.
72 J. S. Johnston: The First Explorations of Kentucky. Filson Club Publications, No. 13.
73 William and Mary College Quarterly, xii, 129-134; Young: Genealogical Narrative of the Hart Family (1882); Nash: "History of Orange County," North Carolina Booklet; Henderson: "A Federalist of the Old School," North Carolina Booklet.
74 North Carolina Colonial Records, ix, 349.
75 Turner: "The Old West," Wisconsin Historical Society Proceedings, 1908.
76 Cf. "Memoir of Pleasant Henderson," Draper MSS. 2CC21-23; W. H. Battle: "A Memoir of Leonard Henderson," North Carolina University Magazine, Nov., 1859; T. B. Kingsbury: "Chief Justice Leonard Henderson," Wake Forest Student, November, 1898.
77 "The Life and Times of Richard Henderson," in the Charlotte Observer, March 9 to June 1, 1913; Draper's MS. Life of Boone; Morehead's Address at Boonesborough, 105 n.
78 C. W. Alvord: "The Genesis of the Proclamation of 1763," Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections, xxxvi.
79 Sparks: Works of Franklin (1844), iii, 69-77.
80 J. M. Peck to L. C. Draper, May 15, 1854.
81 Washington to Crawford, September 21, 1767, in Sparks: Life and Writings of Washington, ii, 346-50.
82 Haywood: Civil and Political History of Tennessee (1823), 35.
83 Ramsey: Annals of Tennessee (1853), 69-70.
84 Ramsey: Annals of Tennessee, 69.
85 Cf. C. W. Alvord: "The British Ministry and the Treaty of Fort Stanwix," Wisconsin Historical Society Proceedings, 1908.
86 North Carolina Colonial Records, vii, 851-855. For Tryon's line, ibid., 245, 460, 470, 508.
87 Johnson to Gage, December 16, 1768.
88 Jefferson MSS. Department of state. Cf. also Weeks: General Joseph Martin.
89 Hanna: The Wilderness Trail, ii, 216, 230, 255; Darlington: Journals of Gist, 131.
90 "Narrative of General William Hall," Draper MSS., Wisconsin State Historical Society.
91 Draper: MS. Life of Boone, viii, 238.
92 Summers: Southwest Virginia, 76.
93 Papers of A. D. Murphy, ii, 386.
94 Pennsylvania Journal, October 29, 1769.
95 Compare "John Finley; and Kentucky before Boone," being chapter seven in volume two of C. A. Hanna's The Wilderness Trail (1911).
96 J. W. Monette: History of the Discovery and Settlement of the Valley of the Mississippi (1846), ii, 53.
97 Court Records of Rowan County.
98 Cf. "The Pioneers of the West" in Missouri Republican (1847). Cf. also Putnam: Middle Tennessee, 20.
99 J. M. Peck to L. C. Draper, May 15, 1854.
100 Missouri Republican (1847).
101 A Memorial to the Legislature of Kentucky (1812).
102 Deposition Book No. 1, p. 156, Clark County Court, Kentucky.
103 Cf. "Daniel Boone and the Wilderness Trail," Bristol (Tennessee-Virginia) Herald Courier, Boone Trail Edition, April, 1917.
104 Hall: The Romance of Western History (1857), 150-1, 158-9.
105 North Carolina Colonial Records, vii, 713.
106 Martin: History of North Carolina, ii, 191.
107 "The Origin of the Regulation in North Carolina," American Historical Review, xxi, No. 2.
108 North Carolina Colonial Records, vii, 14-31, 32-4, 37.
109 Raleigh (N. C.) Register, June 2, 1825.
110 Cf. Tryon's Journal, North Carolina Colonial Records, vii, 819-838.
111 Tryon to Hillsborough, December 24, 1768.
112 North Carolina Colonial Records, viii, 231-4.
113 North Carolina Colonial Records, viii, 241-244.
114 North Carolina Colonial Records, viii, 241-244.
115 North Carolina Colonial Records, viii, 236-240.
116 Cf. J. S. Bassett: "The Regulators of North Carolina (1765-1771)", American Historical Association Report for 1894.
117 North Carolina Colonial Records, x, 1019-1022; Caruthers: Life of Caldwell, 145-158.
118 North Carolina Colonial Records, vi, 250.
119 Alderman: "The Baptists at the Forks of the Yadkin," in Baptist Historical Papers.
120 North Carolina Colonial Records, viii, 70-80.
121 The discovery of an immense quantity of contemporary documents, since Roosevelt's The Winning of the West was written, betrays the numerous inaccuracies of that fascinating work, as well as the imperfect perspective in the picture of the westward expansionist movement. Mr. Roosevelt's virile apotheosis of the strenuous pioneer seems today almost as old-fashioned in its method and outlook as is Draper's work on King's Mountain.
122 Bancroft Transcripts, Library of Congress.
123 Purefoy: History of Sandy Creek Baptist Association (1859).
124 Cf. "Pioneer Contributions of North Carolina to Kentucky," Charlotte (N. C.) Observer, November 10, 1913.
125 Summers: Southwest Virginia, 616-8.
126 North Carolina Colonial Records, xiv, 314. Cf. Farrand: "The Indian Boundary Line," American Historical Review, x.
127 Dunmore to Hillsborough, March, 1772. Cf. also Draper, MS. Life of Boone, Draper MSS., 3 B 87, 88.
128 North Carolina Colonial Records, x, 885-6.
129 Moses Fisk: "A Summary Notice of the First Settlements made by White People within the Limits which Bound the State of Tennessee," in Massachusetts Historical Collections, 1st series (1816).
130 Dunmore to Dartmouth, May 16, 1774.
131 North Carolina Colonial Records, ix, 825-6, 982. MS. Copy in Minutes of Council, Public Record Office, Colonial Office, 5:355.
132 Haywood: Civil and Political History of Tennessee (1823), 40.
133 Butler: History of Kentucky (1836), p. lxvii, note. Also Draper MSS., 2 CC 34.
134 Wharton: Plain Facts (1781), 9.
135 Alvord: The Illinois-Wabash Land Company Manuscript.
136 A copy of the opinion, bearing this date, is in the Henderson papers, Draper collection, Wisconsin Historical Society.
137 Extended investigation establishes beyond question that Judge Henderson was proceeding in strict accordance with law in seeking to acquire title by purchase from the Cherokees instead of applying to the royal government for a grant. When Virginia's sea-to-sea charter was abrogated in 1624, Virginia became a royal province and the settlement of boundaries a royal prerogative. Of the three presumed Indian claimants to the trans-Alleghany region, viz., the Iroquois, Shawanoes, and Cherokees, the Iroquois by defeating the Shawanoes and their confederates in the Ohio Valley at the battle of Sandy Island in 1672 acquired title, as understood by the Indians, to this region. By the treaties of Lancaster (1744), Loggstown (1752), and Fort Stanwix (1768), the claims of the Shawanoes and the Iroquois to the trans-Alleghany territory were ceded to the crown. While the Shawanoes and the Cherokees acquiesced in the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, the crown fully acknowledged the claim of the Cherokees to the trans-Alleghany region; and by the treaties of Hard Labor (1768) and Lochaber (1770) confirmed them in possession of this region to the west of the boundary line (See Chapter XII). The sovereignty of England extended over this territory, the right of eminent domain being vested in the crown. Henderson was legally justified in disregarding the royal proclamation of 1763 which was largely in the nature of a temporary expedient, and in purchasing the title to the trans-Alleghany region from the Cherokees in 1775. The right of eminent domain over the trans-Alleghany region still vested in the crown after the treaty of Sycamore Shoals.
138 MS. Journals of James and Robert McAfee. Durrett Collection, University of Chicago. These journals are printed in Woods-McAfee Memorial.
139 Hening: Virginia Statutes at Large, x, 558.
140 Wharton: Plain Facts, 96 et seq. See also text ff.
141 Alvord: The Mississippi Valley in British Politics, ii, ch. 7; Cotterill: History of Pioneer Kentucky, 65-66.
142 T. Wharton to Walpole, September 23, 1774, in "Letter Book of Thomas Wharton," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, xxxiii (October, 1909).
143 For ample materials, cf. Thwaites and Kellogg: Documentary History of Dunmore's War—1774.
144 Cf. "The Inauguration of Westward Expansion," News and Observer (Raleigh, N. C.) July 5, 1914.
145 Letter of Major Pleasant Henderson, in The Harbinger (Chapel Hill, N. C), 1834.
146 Cf. "The Beginnings of Westward Expansion," North Carolina Review, September and October, 1910.
147 Draper MSS. 1 CC 2-9, Wisconsin State Historical Society.
148 Jefferson MSS. 5th Series, v. 8. In MSS. Division, Library of Congress.
149 Draper MSS. 1 CC 2-9.
150 Diary of Morgan Brown in Tennessee Historical Magazine.
151 Enclosure 6 in Dunmore to Dartmouth, No. 25, March 14, 1775, Public Record Office, Colonial Office, 5:1353.
152 North Carolina Colonial Records, ix, 1117, 1129-1131.
153 Draper MSS. 4 QQ 1.
154 Virginia Historical Magazine, viii, 355. Cf. also Draper MSS. 2 CC 5.
155 Letters to Washington, MSS. Division, Library of Congress.
156 I am indebted to Miss Lucretia Hart Clay for the privilege of examining the extensive collection of Hart and Benton MSS. in her possession.
157 The voluminous records of the treaty are found in the Jefferson MSS., vol. 5. MSS. Division, Library of Congress.
158 "Narrative of Felix Walker," Original MS. owned by C. L. Walker.
159 Hulbert: Boone's Road.
160 Original of Henderson's Journal is in Draper MSS., 1 CC 21-130 A. D.
161 Hall: Sketches of the West, i, 254-5.
162 This quotation is taken from the original manuscript. The version in De Bow's Review, 1854, is imperfect. For better printed versions of Walker's two accounts, see Memoirs of Felix Walker, New Orleans (1877), and Journal of American History, i, No. 1 (1907).
163 Original journal of William Calk, owned by Mrs. Price Calk.
164 Letters to Washington, MSS. Division, Library of Congress.
165 North Carolina Gazette.
166 Draper MSS., 1 CC 160-194, deposition of Arthur Campbell.
167 Draper MSS., 1 CC 160-194, deposition of Arthur Campbell.
168 Draper Collection, Kentucky MSS., ii. For a contrary view, cf. P. Henry's deposition, Kentucky MSS., i.
169 Published in Virginia Gazette, March 23, 1775. Cf. "Forerunners of the Republic", Neale's Monthly, January-June, 1913.
170 Draper MSS., 4 QQ 17.
171 Letters to George Washington, MSS. Division, Library of Congress.
172 Draper MSS., 1 L 20.
173 Henderson and Luttrell to the Proprietors, July 18, 1775; printed in Louisville News-Letter, May 9, 1840.
174 Nathaniel Henderson to John Williams, October 5, 1775. Copy supplied by heirs of B. J. Lossing.
175 "The Struggle for the Fourteenth American Colony," News and Observer (Raleigh, N. C.), May 19, 1918.
176 In connection with Transylvania, consult G. W. Ranck: Boonesborough: Filson Club Publications, No. 16; F. J. Turner: "State Making in the Revolutionary Era", American Historical Review, i; G. H. Alden: "New Governments West of the Alleghanies before 1780."
177 In a "Proposal for the Sale of its Lands" (Virginia Gazette, Sept. 30, 1775), the Transylvania Company offered to any settlers before June 1, 1776, land, limited in amount, at the rate of fifty shillings sterling per hundred acres, subject to an annual quit-rent of two shillings. Cf. facsimile.
178 Draper MSS., 2 CC 25.
179 These increased rates were voted at a meeting of the Proprietors of Transylvania at Oxford, N. C., September 25, 1775. American Archives, iv.
180 Draper MSS., 47 J 1. This memoir has often been printed.
181 Cf. for example, Mason to Washington, March 9, 1775, in Letters to Washington, MSS. Division, Library of Congress.
182 Letter of date May 19, 1776. Draper MSS., 33 S 292-295.
183 Original in Virginia State Archives.
184 Original in Virginia State Archives. This and the aforementioned petition are printed in the Virginia Historical Magazine, xvi, 157-163. See also J. R. Robertson: Petitions of the Early Inhabitants of Kentucky, Filson Club Publications, No. 27.
185 Cf. "Richard Henderson and the Occupation of Kentucky, 1775," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, December, 1914. Also A. B. Hulbert: Pilots of the Republic.
186 Original in North Carolina State Archives. Printed in Ramsey: Annals of Tennessee (1853), 134-138.
187 Haldimand MSS.
188 Original in Draper MSS. Collections. It has recently been printed in Colonial Men and Times (1915), by Lillie Du P. Van C. Harper.
189 Haywood: Civil and Political History of Tennessee, (1823), Appendix, 500-503.
190 Journal Virginia House of Delegates, Nov. 4-17, 1778.
191 Hening: Statutes at Large, ix, 571. Cf. also Starling: History of Henderson County, Kentucky.
192 Cf. Sioussat: "The Journal of Daniel Smith," Tennessee Historical Magazine, March, 1915.
193 The original journal is in the archives of the Tennessee State Historical Society.
194 N. Hart, Jr., to Wilkins Tannehill, April 27, 1839, in Louisville News-Letter, May 23, 1840.
195 The original document is preserved in the archives of the Tennessee Historical Society. It is printed, with a number of minor inaccuracies, in Putnam: Middle Tennessee, 94-102.
196 Acts of North Carolina, 1783, ch. xxxviii, North Carolina State Records, xxiv, 530-531.
197 For a more extended treatment of the subjects dealt with in the present chapter, see "Richard Henderson, the Authorship of the Cumberland Compact, and the Founding of Nashville," Tennessee Historical Magazine, September, 1916.
198 "Isaac Shelby, Revolutionary Patriot and Border Hero," in North Carolina Booklet, xvi, No. 3, 109-144.
199 While Draper's King's Mountain and its Heroes is most valuable as a source book, it is very faulty in style and arrangement. The account of the battle, in particular, is deficient in perspective; and in general no clear line is drawn between traditionary and authentic testimony.
200 F. B. McDowell: The Battle of King's Mountain (Raleigh, 1907). This account was prepared chiefly from unpublished letters from Isaac Shelby to Franklin Brevard.
201 A Sketch of the Life and Career of Colonel James D. Williams, by Rev. J. D. Bailey (Cowpens, S. C., 1898).
202 A valuable source is the King's Mountain Expedition, by David Vance and Robert Henry, edited by D. L. Schenck (Greensboro, 1891).
203 Cf. Acts of North Carolina, 1784, April Session, Chapters XI and XII.
204 Sioussat: "The North Carolina Cession of 1784 in its Federal Aspects," Mississippi Valley Historical Association Proceedings, ii.
205 Quoted in Alden: "The State of Franklin," American Historical Review, viii.
206 See Charlotte (N. C.) Observer, September 25, 1904. Also consult North Carolina State Records, xxii, 664 ff.
207 State Archives of North Carolina.
208 Pennsylvania Packet, August 9, 1785.
209 State Department MSS., Library of Congress.
210 A single complete draft, in pamphlet form, printed in 1786, is preserved in the archives of the Tennessee Historical Society. Cf. "The Provisional Constitution of Frankland," American Historical Magazine, i.
211 Franklin Papers, vii, folio 1651. MSS. Division, Library of Congress.
212 Franklin Papers, viii, folio 1803. MSS. Division, Library of Congress.
213 For a more extended treatment of matters dealt with in this chapter, compare "The Spanish Conspiracy in Tennessee," Tennessee Historical Magazine, December, 1917.
214 Gardoqui to Floridablanca, April 18, 1788.
215 On April 30th Miró wrote to Valdez, in Spain, informing him of the proposals received through McGillivray and stating that he had returned conciliatory replies but had refrained from committing the Spanish Government until the pleasure of the king should be known.
216 W. W. Henry: Life, Correspondence and Speeches of Patrick Henry, iii, 409, 412-5.
217 Archives of the Indies, Seville, Spain.
218 Ramsey: Annals of Tennessee (1853), 502-3.